In Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, their eyes were watching...

In Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, their eyes were watching god; the author leads Janie through a journey. She lives with her grandmother named Nanny, who currently is attending a white family. Janie is living with Nanny because her mom had been raped and the father was running away from the sheriff. As the story goes on she tries to explore love with different lovers. At the begging she is presented with one young man name Logan, but as time goes on Janie become less interested in him. Ultimately she ends up living with Teacake the man that loves her the way Janie wants to be loved. Through the symbolism of nature, Hurston uses a pear tree blossoming to symbolize the way Janie hopes to interact with a man, as the bee pollinates the blossoming†¦show more content†¦So this was a marriage! She had been summoned to behold a revelation (Hurston 11). The revealing of this love she has imagined was more of a self-interpretation, of what a marriage should be. This passage is not for the sake of sex, but it shows the understanding of love that Janie has. As she has an orgasmic moment and this gives her an idea of a romantic moment that creates an expectation of what her future lovers should live up to. After seeing the bee pollinating the bloom, she connects this to a sexual intercourse and Janie now has an understanding that love is both full of love and passion. Now that Janie has come to understanding of what pleasure is, she is now waiting to find the man help her achieve that type of pleasure. Love plays an important role in Janie’s life, since she saw the bee pollinate the pear tree. That moment changed her life, showing her a marriage is to suppose to have a mutual connection between the man and woman. Nanny begins her journey of love by introducing her to one man, before she finds the perfect love. As Janie began to explore herself and was entering woman hood, Janie’s grandmother decided that she didn’t want Janie to go through what her mother went through. So Nanny went out to get her a man, because she thought she was to young to take decisions. So the Man that Nanny pickedShow MoreRelatedTEWWG Research Paper1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Amelia Heath Mrs. Russell AP Language 25 November 2014 The Broken Family Cycle â€Å"Like father, like son; like mother, like daughter,† right? Well in this case it’s surprisingly not. In the 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie Crawford, raised by her grandmother, does not follow the family cycle of getting violently raped by a white man and having a child at a young age. Family cycles are scientifically proven, stating that patterns in previous generations will mostRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Critical Analysis1502 Words   |  7 Pageshusband Tea Cake proves to Janie how one should be treated and conveys to Janie how one should enjoy life and be happy with one another. Hence , Janie finds her true self when realizing that no one is superior to her. Gender plays a major role in the TEWWG because it left men and women in fixed positions on how a relationship is managed. Janie s lack of self importance led her to be mistreated by men that saw her more as an item rather than a partner. Sadly in this case men is given more power and authority

The Flight English short story Free Essays

The Flight â€Å"This is gonna be so cool† Ryan said, staring at the 12inch model aircraft his twin sister, Beth got him for his Christmas. â€Å"Come on Ryan, you’ve never stopped staring at that since I got you it and you still haven’t even said thank you† Beth said. â€Å"Oh yeah,† he grinned â€Å"thanks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Flight English short story or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Ryan was 17, well built and his jet-black hair was nearly always spiked up with gel. Beth was 17 and looked exactly like Ryan apart from the obvious fact that he was a boy, probably what you would expect if you had a twin. â€Å"When’s Jack coming?† Beth asked. Jack Forrest was Ryan and Beth’s best friend from school and they had been friends ever since they had started school. â€Å"He said he’d b here at 10pm, Ryan said, looking at his watch. â€Å"its ten-to ten now sp we better put these suitcases in the car, that way we can head to the airport as soon as Jack comes.† They wheeled the cases out the door and put them into the boot of the car. â€Å"I still can’t believe we won those tickets to Canada on the new 5 star luxury plane.† Ryan said as he lifted his suitcase and positioned it on top of Beth’s massive holdall, â€Å"it’s always been a dream on mine to fly in one of those planes, and it even has a restaurant!† Just as Ryan said that, Jacks taxi pulled up and he got out of the back with a giant suitcase and a rucksack. â€Å"Hey Ryan,† he grinned, â€Å"Hey Beth!† â€Å"The flight’s gonna leave with out us if we don’t get to the airport by eleven so we better get a move on, its already five past ten,† Beth said, pointing to the car. They all piled into the car and Ryan pulled out of the driveway. It took about half an hour to get to the airport and about an hour to go through the check-in and passport control, so when they got to the welcome lounge they all headed straight to the gate. â€Å"Here we go† Beth smiled as they reached gate 22, â€Å"Our plane’s gonna be boarding in a minute so I’m gonna quickly get a pack of smarties from that vending machine.† Just as a packet of smarties dropped out of the vending machine, a woman’s voice came up on the tannoy, â€Å"Flight 2780 is now boarding from gate 22† They all went up the steps and boarded the huge plane. It had four floors, a bar, restaurant, widescreen TV and loads more extras. â€Å"Whoa,† Ryan gasped as he took his first step into the newly built luxury jet, â€Å"This is amazing!† There was fancy lighting, a bar in the middle of the 1st floor, a huge red carpet stretching the whole length of the plane, and recliner seats. â€Å"This is nothing I ever imagined,† Jack joined in with the dazed expressions on both Ryan and Beth’s faces. They all found their seats and buckled up their seatbelts. * Once the plane levelled off in the air all of the seatbelt signs went of. â€Å"I’m gonna go and get a coke from the bar,† Ryan said, â€Å"you two coming?† â€Å"Ok,† Beth and Jack said in unison and they all headed towards the bar. Just as they were about to sit down a guy came barging through and knocked Jack over. He was middle-aged and was bald. He was the type of guy that you didn’t want to mess with. â€Å"Watch it!† Jack shouted back at him but he didn’t even turn around to look at him again, he just kept walking purposefully. Jack was about to shout back at him â€Å"Are you gonna say sorry or what?† but he changed his mind when he saw a vague outline of something bulging from his trousers – a gun – â€Å"Oh my God† Jack said, â€Å"Ryan, Beth, that guys got a gun†. They looked round and saw it too. â€Å"We’ll have to do something† Ryan decided. â€Å"What if he hijacks the plane?† The three kids all came to a decision to follow him. If they stopped and told a stewardess about the gun, it would cause panic and they would lose him. They walked quickly and followed the mysterious man. The three kids all went to karate and judo classes when they were about 10 so they all knew how to defend themselves. The guy led them down to the basement of the aircraft, three floors down from were their seats were. He opened a hatch, which was concealed by a bin and stepped down some stairs into the very bottom of the aircraft. Here there were all sorts of controls like lighting, radiators, fridge temperatures, fuel, and all sorts of controls for everything. Ryan, Jack and Beth all sneaked down the ladder and hid behind a huge metal board. The man went of to the other side of the room and looked closely at a set of labelled toggles and controls. He flicked a switch and suddenly the lights went out. â€Å"Whets happening† Beth whispered, with a touch of panic in her voice. â€Å"I haven’t a clue but it’s definitely something serious if he’s turning the lights out, it could be the fuel next.† â€Å"What if he’s going too hijack the plane?† Beth asked. â€Å"We cant take that risk, we all know how to take him down and its one against three so I bet we will be better off than him when its over† Jack said. They sneaked behind another metal divider but Beth tripped up and fell over, giving the man a warning and he reached for his gun. Before he could reach it, Jack and Ryan lunged forwards and kicked him to the ground. Beth had twisted her ankle from the fall but still managed to haul herself up and grab the man’s gun. â€Å"What are you doing here?† Beth asked, pointing the man’s own gun at him. â€Å"Do you seriously think I’m gonna tell you?† The man replied, unable to get away from Jack and Ryan’s powerful hold. She was about to boot him, but she heard the sound of another man in the doorway and looked around to see him standing with a gun pointing towards them. â€Å"Let him up† he ordered, still pointing the nozzle of the gun at them. Ryan and Jack released their grip on him and he stood up. They both looked around but they realized that Beth was missing. Just as the man got up she launched herself at the guy in the doorway. He was caught by surprise and he crashed to the ground, sending his gun sliding across the floor. â€Å"Don’t move† She said to the other man who was about to make a gab for it. Ryan and Jack ran forwards and grabbed it before he got the chance. â€Å"I’ll go up and tell someone† Jack said, â€Å"You two keep them on the ground. It wasn’t long before the whole crew were in the basement, including the captain. It turned out that the captain was an old enemy of the two hijackers and they were going to crash the plane and parachute out before it hit the ground. â€Å"Well done† the captain said as he shook Ryan, Beth and Jack’s hands. â€Å"You should have seen the faced of everyone when the lights went out,† one of the crew members said, â€Å"Some people said they were going to die!† * Ryan, Beth and Jack all wore their bravery medals and the flight was still showing on the news. â€Å"This has been the best holiday ever† Beth grinned, â€Å"The snow here in Canada is great!† The all got on a taxi to take them to the airport. â€Å"To the airport please† Ryan said to the taxi driver. â€Å"Ok he said and turned around to give them an evil grin. It was the man who had tried to crash the plane . . . How to cite The Flight English short story, Papers

Tax Filing Issues in Canada-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Provide a comprehensive tax guide for students, providing them with advice and instruction on how to minimize their tax burden while setting them up to meet likely personal financial goals. Answer: Tax filing is a vital issue faced by Canadian students as they are not aware of the tax provisions and its impact. Being a student, instead of relying on parents for tax filing, they are required to take a proactive approach towards their tax obligations. In accordance with the study of Butrica (2015), irrespective of their age or income, they are required to file tax return in order to attain various tax benefits[1]. According to the Canadian tax law; students have legal obligations to file their tax return if they satisfy any one of the following situations: They are required to pay tax for the year They have not made repayment of all amounts withdrawn from RRSP (registered retirement savings plan) belong to lifelong learning plan They are required to make contribution in CPP (Canada Pension Plan) Students have received advance payments related to working income tax benefit (WITB) If one of the above described aspects is satisfied, then return can be filed by students by making use of NETFILE or EFILE or through the paper return. In the option of EFILE, the service provider can complete and file the return on behalf of the student in against of charging a fee. On the other hand, in the option of NETFILE, the student has to complete and file their tax return by making use of web application or tax preparation software[2]. Students are recommended to make use of NETFILE as it is easy and cost savvy process because generally, they do not have complex tax transactions. By considering the tax norms of Canada; usually, the due date for filing tax is on or before 30th April of the following year. In case if the student files their return after the due date, then in such situation their credits and tax benefits (such as Canada child tax benefit payments and HST/GST credits) will be delayed[3]. These advantages are inclusive of payments certain from the territorial or provincial program. Along with this; they will be liable to pay the penalty and interest charges for late filing. Provisions of Canadian taxation provides various benefits to students through which effective financial planning can be done to save taxes by making use of available credits and allowable expenses. Most of the student do part time jobs to finance their daily expenses and take a student loan for higher studies[4]. With this aspect, they are entitled to take benefit of following credits and allowable expenses: Credit on textbooks ($65 for full time and $20 for part time students on monthly basis) Interest paid on student loans Eligible tuition fees ($400 for full time and $120 for part time students on monthly basis) Qualified moving expenses (if distance of Institute and residence is at least 40 kilometres and this can be used against any income earned while studying that particular course or against summer earnings)[5] Child care charges Expenditure of public transit Credit of HST/GST (at least must have age of 19) Canadian students are also entitled to take an exemption for scholarships, fellowships and endowments. Study of Becker (2015) shows that student is always required to file their tax return irrespective of their legal obligation as it will assist them in making a claim for their tax credits, benefits and deduction to which they are entitled. They are also recommended not to get engaged of spending their tax refunds on items which are not affordable for them[6]. Instead of this, they can prioritise their objectives and focus on repayment of student loans or credit cards, and amount remaining amount must be reinvested for future returns. For qualifying this credit and expenses, the student must retain their documents. In addition to this, if the student does not have sufficient income to make use of this credits then up to $5,000 can be claimed by their partners or supporting parent or grandparent. Further, the remaining amount of credit can be carried forward for the next future year. As per the viewpoint of Malcolmson (2016), students generally consolidate their debt in order to get attractive interest rate however it is not a good idea as it will restrict students from taking credit for interest on a student loan[7]. Thus, this kind of transaction should be avoided to reduce the tax burden. It is because; income tax provisions of Canada is particular as interest will be allowable expenses for credit only if it is received under Canada Student Financial Assistance Act or Canada Student Loans Act or any other similar qualified financial institution References Becker, Johannes, E. Reimer, and A. Rust.Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Kluwer Law International, 2015. Butrica, Barbara A. "A Review of Childrens Savings Accounts." (2015). Lewis, Melinda, and William Elliott III. "Examining the Canadian Education Savings Program and its implications for Child Savings Account (CSA) Policy."Lawrence, KS: Assets and Education Initiative(2014). Malcolmson, Patrick, et al.The Canadian regime: An introduction to parliamentary government in Canada. University of Toronto Press, 2016. Malcolmson, Patrick, et al.The Canadian regime: An introduction to parliamentary government in Canada. University of Toronto Press, 2016. Ssewamala, Fred M. "Optimizing the demographic dividend in young developing countries: The role of contractual savings and insurance for financing education."International journal of social welfare24.3 (2015): 248-262. Vossensteyn, Johan J. "Student financing and access: an international comparative perspective." (2013). Butrica, Barbara A. "A Review of Childrens Savings Accounts." (2015). Malcolmson, Patrick, et al. The Canadian regime: An introduction to parliamentary government in Canada. University of Toronto Press, 2016. Lewis, Melinda, and William Elliott III. "Examining the Canadian Education Savings Program and its implications for Child Savings Account (CSA) Policy." Lawrence, KS: Assets and Education Initiative (2014). Ssewamala, Fred M. "Optimizing the demographic dividend in young developing countries: The role of contractual savings and insurance for financing education." International journal of social welfare 24.3 (2015): 248-262. Vossensteyn, Johan J. "Student financing and access: an international comparative perspective. (2013). Becker, Johannes, E. Reimer, and A. Rust. Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Kluwer Law International, 2015. Malcolmson, Patrick, et al. The Canadian regime: An introduction to parliamentary government in Canada. University of Toronto Press, 2016.

The Niagara Movement free essay sample

The organization received its name for the â€Å"mighty current† effect they would have on black oppression and social injustice to all races. These eager intellectuals sought to motivate and educate people of all races and to combat the evils of white supremacy, Jim Crow, and black oppression. Being a profound orator, Du Bois along with the members of the Niagara Movement would oppose Booker T. Washington and seek to persuade the masses that not accommodation, but education was the key to black prosperity. In July of 1905, annoyed by Washington’s continued accommodating policies towards whites and his influence in the black community, W. E. B. Du Bois sent documents to other â€Å"like-minded† men which informed them of a meeting to be held to discuss the race problem in the United States. â€Å"Drafted and circulated by Du Bois in early June, the call stated two forthright purposes: â€Å"organized determination and aggressive action on the part of men who believe in Negro freedom and growth†; and opposition to â€Å"present methods of strangling honest criticism (Lewis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Niagara Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 16). † Over forty men were invited. Many of whom were his colleagues. Twenty-nine men met in Ontario, Canada under the understanding that something had to be done about the race problem, as well as Booker T. Washington. The meeting was held to discuss alternative solutions to ending racial discrimination, disenfranchisement of blacks, and the promotion of black education. Being in opposition to Washington, who was the (hand-picked) spokesman for the black race, the movement sought more militant ways of deflecting central attitudes towards racism. This organization would soon plant their feet in the soil of American politics, and they would not be moved without a change. The very next year on August 15, 1906 the movement would convene again, but this time on American turf. The site of the historically famous John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia would become the second meeting place of the movement. Du Bois stated that this meeting was â€Å"one of the greatest meetings American Negroes ever held. † Du Bois would eventually make a speech regarding the purposes of the second convention. The men of the Niagara Movement coming from the toil of the year’s hard work and pausing a moment from the earning of their daily bread turn toward the nation and again ask in the name of ten million the privilege of a hearing. In the past year the work of the Negro hater has flourished in the land. Step by step the defenders of the rights of American citizens have retreated. The work of stealing the black man’s ballot has progressed and the fifty and more representatives of stolen votes still sit in the nation’s capital. Discrimination in travel and public accommodation has so spread that some of our weaker brethren are actually afraid to thunder against color discrimination as such and are simply whispering for ordinary decencies (Du Bois). † As the next two years toiled on, and black oppression ascended throughout the country, members of the Niagara Movement would convene again in Oberlin, Ohio. Du Bois, who was the general secretary of the movement, was extremely enthusiastic of the movements’ accomplishments up to this period. The convention would convene from August 31 until September 2 with two to three meetings held each day. The movement spent their sessions writing and re-writing resolutions, making conventional addresses, voting on the passage of articles and electing new committee members. Mason Hawkins of Baltimore, Maryland would be elected as the incoming treasurer and Du Bois would remain the general secretary. The convention was open to the public and esteemed black intellectuals from the entire country were present to take part in this historical move of black preparedness. The Niagara Movement would publish the â€Å"Declaration of Principles† in 1905. Almost entirely authored by William Du Bois, the ocument stated: â€Å"Progress: The members of the conference, known as the Niagara Movement, assembled in annual meeting at Buffalo, July 11th, 12th and 13th, 1905, congratulate the Negro-Americans on certain undoubted evidences of progress in the last decade, particularly the increase of intelligence, the buying of property, the checking of crime, the uplift in home life, the advance in literature and art, and the demonstration of constructive and executive ability in the conduct of great religious, economic and educational institutions . Suffrage: At the same time, we believe that this class of American citizens should protest emphatically and continually against the curtailment of their political rights. We believe in manhood suffrage; we believe that no man is so good, intelligent or wealthy as to be entrusted wholly with the welfare of his neighbor. Civil Liberty: We believe also in protest against the curtailment of our civil rights. All American citizens have the right to equal treatment in places of public entertainment according to their behavior and desert. Economic Opportunity: We especially complain against the denial of equal opportunities to us in economic life; in the rural districts of the South this amounts to peonage and virtual slavery; all over the South it tends to crush labor and small business enterprises; and everywhere American prejudice, helped often by iniquitous laws, is making it more difficult for Negro-Americans to earn a decent living. Education: Common school education should be free to all American children and compulsory. High school training should be adequately provided for all, and college training should be the monopoly of no class or race in any section of our common country. We believe that, in defense of our own institutions, the United States should aid common school education, particularly in the South, and we especially recommend concerted agitation to this end. We urge an increase in public high school facilities in the South, where the Negro-Americans are almost wholly without such provisions. We favor well-equipped trade and technical schools for the training of artisans, and the need of adequate and liberal endowment for a few institutions of higher education must be patent to sincere well-wishers of the race. Courts: We demand upright judges in courts, juries selected without discrimination on account of color and the same measure of punishment and the same efforts at reformation for black as for white offenders. We need orphanages and farm schools for dependent children, juvenile reformatories fox delinquents, and the abolition of the dehumanizing convict-lease system. Public Opinion: We note with alarm the evident retrogression in this land of sound public opinion on the subject of manhood rights, republican government and human brotherhood, arid we pray God that this nation will not degenerate into a mob of boasters and oppressors, but rather will return to the faith of the fathers, that all men were created free and equal, with certain unalienable rights. Suppression and apologetic before insults. Through helplessness we may submit, but the voice of protest of ten million Americans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (The Niagara Movement, 1905). By the promotion of these principles, the Niagara Movement made it obvious that discrimination and/or segregation of any kind is unacceptable and would not be tolerated. The document deemed social, political and racial injustice was rationally inappropriate whether it be from the government or even the church. The life of William Du Bois was the complete opposite of his peer and opponent, Booker T. Washington. Du Bois was born to a free black family in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1868. Although, both of Du Bois’ parents were predominantly black, he identified himself as a mulatto. The African American population in his hometown was rigidly small; henceforth his education was significantly superior to that of the average black child. Du Bois was encouraged by many of his white teachers to pursue a college education. With help from the community, Du Bois enrolled and later graduated from the Historically Black College known as Fisk University. William Du Bois outstandingly excelled in his academic career. After commencing from Fisk, he would travel to Ohio to do graduate work at Oberlin University. Once arriving back in the United States, Du Bois applied and was accepted to the Ivy- League Harvard University where he later became the first African- American to receive a Ph. D. Du Bois worked with some of the world’s most prominent social scientist and he himself became an international author, sociologist and race leader. Being a stratified sociologist, W. E. B. Du Bois developed several theories regarding race problem. For the Niagara Movement, the key to race problem was simply education. They believed that there was power in knowledge and wisdom. The movement adopted Du Bois’ theory of the â€Å"educated elite. † This theory took place in two phases that adjusted his complete stance on social analysis. â€Å"The first phase encompasses the years of 1897 to1904. During this phase, Du Bois began to define the contours of the problems of the Black population; he also begins to assess the need for an intellectual cadre that would serve as an agent of societal guidance. The second phase (1906-1952) is marked by Du Bois’ thrust to merge his theoretical assumptions on leadership with practical possibilities regarding specific organizations and pro- grams. This phase, which covers the greater part of his life, sees Du Bois formally and partially forsakes his earlier declared commitment to a scientific sociology in order to enter the public arena as a social activist (Dennis 389). † The movement believed in the strength of education as a key to ascendency for the rights of determined humans. With his close friend, colleague as well the co-founder of the Niagara Movement, William Trotter, W. E. B. Du Bois would cultivate the â€Å"talented tenth† idea. While Du Bois felt that in order to succeed, one must be educated, he also felt that the race could only be saved by those who were educated. This notion was heavily adopted and transmitted throughout the Niagara Movement. In the formation of the movement, Du Bois invited only people who he thought would contribute to this talented tenth ideal. â€Å"Those signing represented the vanguard of the Talented Tenth-educators, lawyers, publishers, physicians, ministers, and several businessmen secure enough in their professions and principles to risk Booker T. Washington’s retribution. Du Bois described them as â€Å"educated, determined, and unpurchasable†- fifty odd men he had hoped but doubted he could find who â€Å"had not bowed the knee to Baal (Lewis 316). † Made public by Du Bois in his essay, he described a group of ten black men who would be the pioneers for social change in the African American Community and ultimately save the race from the ranks of white supremacy. These individuals were deemed elite because of their extraordinary success in their education, books, speeches and direct action. The movement felt power in education. â€Å"Du Bois felt entirely the strength of his intellect and desired to exercise it as another might feel and want to exercise the strength of his arm. He fully recognized that he was clearly superior, in the western world’s estimation of equality of mind, in intellectual capacity. He was not among the best black minds of his time; he was among the best minds of his time (Gibson, Du Bois 23). † Emerging as the second African American race leader, Booker T. Washington was a profound orator, author and educator. Many historians believe that Washington was hand-picked by his mentor, Frederick Douglass to be the next spokesman of the black community. After the emancipation of slaves, Washington and his family moved to West Virginia where he would enroll ad graduate from the esteemed Historically Black College, Hampton University. Many years later, as an attempt to expand the number of black educational institutions by the American Missionary Society, Washington with the recommendation of Samuel Armstrong will go on to find the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, AL. Being only 25 when the school started, Washington was eager to educate young blacks on the techniques of agriculture and mechanics. He believed that the key to black success was through land ownership, thrift, accommodation as well as education. After the finding of Tuskegee Institute and Washington’s monumental Atlanta Cotton Address of 1895, W. E. B. Du Bois began criticizing Washington’s journal, the Tuskegee Machine for its accomodationist stance. The members of the Niagara Movement, who were vividly opposed to Washington, began to write their own publications repudiating Washington and his institution. Moreover, they sought him out as a conspirator and traitor. In The Art of the Possible, by Verney, the author states â€Å"publicly, the Tuskegean accepted the southern white notion that slavery had served as a â€Å"civilizing school† for blacks, rescuing them from savagery and ignorance. When addressing a northern audience at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, on 23 February 1903, Washington pithily remarked that â€Å"I confine myself to a statement of cold bare facts when I say that when the Negro went into slavery, he was a pagan; when he ended his period of bondage he had a religion. Moreover, â€Å"when he went into slavery, he was without anything which might properly be called a language; when he came out of slavery he was able to speak the English tongue with force and intellect (Verney 41). † Although the Niagara Movement was not a Pan-African Movement, it shared many of the Pan-African beliefs. The movement became overwhelmingly dismayed with Washington. If the entire black race were to adopt Washington’s views of black accommodation, it would surely land the race back into the shackles of slavery. The second figure head of the Niagara Movement was William Monroe Trotter. Born in the north, his early life was similar to that of Du Bois’. Trotter, who was also supremely hostile to the Tuskegee Conservative, would later launch his own organization known as the National Equal Rights League. Although had many allies of similar beliefs, his organization would never gain any notable recognition of members. Alcoholism and the inability to work well with others would call for the decline in his movement. Trotter would die on his birthday, April 7, 1934 at the age of 62. In 1908, the Springfield Race Riot emerged as one of the most violent and destructive acts of rioting in United States history. In the north during this time, racial tensions were especially high due to the fierce competition in the labor market between blacks and whites. The sole incident started when a black man was accused of breaking into a white man’s home, and after a brawl between the two of them, the white (Charles Ballard) was murdered. A mob of white coal miners gathered to find the suspect. As tensions increased, the mob would rob a Jewish owned gun shop to put an end to the black problem. After a number of lynching’s, and home-burnings over four-thousand blacks fled the city. The mass riot took a total of seven lives and over forty black-owned businesses. On February 12, 1909 a group of stout abolitionists along with W. E. B. Du Bois would find the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP was a formation of black intellectuals as well as concerned whites who sought to ensure the educational, political, social and economic quality of all races. The organization was initially called the National Negro Committee, however a number of its members were white. It was not until the second conference in May of 1909 that the organization would devise the name of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The organization would become incorporated two years later in 1911. The formation of the NAACP would call for the steady decline in the Niagara Movement. Even though movement shared over thirty thriving branches, it would still descend. The Niagara Movement had accomplished a number of local as well as national victories for the civil rights of blacks. The movement mainly declined due to lack of funds, but historians also contend that the decline was caused by the lack of organization and dissenting members. Although the members of the movement were of great prestige, they were not extremely wealthy. Being a movement of the elite, the organization was never able to gain mass attention and membership would decline. Being the national race leader Booker Washington would shun the movement, insuring that it received little to no publicity in the black press. Du Bois would eventually leave the Niagara Movement and become the only black member on the board of the NAACP. As time continued in the mid-twentieth century, blacks continued to demand civil liberties and the protection of their liberties. With the support of whites and blacks alike in the formation of many black justice organizations such as the Southern Leadership Conference, the NAACP and the Montgomery Civil Rights Movement, schools would be desegregated, blacks were given the right to vote and African Americans became citizens. The passage if the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth amendments as well as the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 gave blacks equal protection of the laws.

Name of the Rose summary essays

Name of the Rose summary essays The Name of the Rose was set in the 13th century monastery. The movie is told as a flashback from Adso, as an old man, looking back to when he was child. The movie starts off with Brother William of Baskerville and his novice, Adso of Melk, riding to an abbey in north Italy. Once they arrive in their room they are welcomed by the lord bishop who also informs them of a mysterious death that has just happened. The people that live in the abbey believe that it is just the presence of evil but Brother William begins to investigate the place. Another man is then found head first in a pot of hogs blood. Brother William is led to some evidence written on a piece of paper in lemon juice from a book that he thinks is the reason for the deaths, so Brother William asks to see the library but it is forbidden. Meanwhile, another man is found drowned in a tub of water. Brother William has noticed that all the victims have had black fingers and black tongues, so he proclaims that the next person to die will have a black tongue and finger. Another man finds the book that Brother William has been looking for but before he can notify Brother William he is stabbed and killed. When Brother William comes to look at the man he finds that he does have a black finger and black tongue, so the town people start to believe that Brother William is the murderer. Brother William and Adso continue to try to find the source of the murders, but each time they try to ender the library they are threatened by Bernardo Gui, who is protecting the book. While they are searching, the novice is seduced by a peasant girl, which is considered to be the ultimate sin, but the novice thinks that he is in love with her. The towns people also find this peasant girl with a hunchback monk, they believe that they have committed the sin and they also declare them guilty for the murders. They are tied to a cross and burned to death. Meanwhile Brothe...

Cheerful and cheap recipes for students

Cheerful and cheap recipes for students 5 Top Student Recipes Students don`t always have time to cook for themselves, but there are a lot of dishes, which are easy and quickly to cook. Moreover, you don`t have to spend a lot of money on the ingredients. We decided to write the list of the most delicious and cheap student dishes. Quick tomato soup with cheesy garlic dippers 1 tbsp caster sugar Dash each Worcestershire and Tabasco sauce 400g can cherry tomatoes Few torn basil leaves 2 tbsp mascarpone 100 ml vegetable stock 125g ball mozzarella cheese, shredded 1 garlic clove, halved 1 medium ciabatta roll, halved Preparation Put the stock, tomatoes, sugar and sauces into a medium pan. Add some pepper and salt. Bring to a simmer and cook for 5-10 minutes. Keep your pan warm while you make the dippers. Stir in the mascarpone and blend to the smooth soup. Toast the ciabatta on the grill until it is golden. Rub with season and garlic. Then, top with cheese and drill until it is golden and melted. Serve with the tomato soup and sprinkle with the basil. Sausage ragu and spinach pasta bake 1 tbsp oregano, chopped 680 jar passata with garlic and herbs 6 good-quality pork sausages, skinned 1 egg, beaten, to glaze 100g Parmesan, grated 500g pack pasta shapes 2x350 tubs ready-made cheese sauce 400g pack spinach Freshly grated nutmeg Preparation Brown the sausages in a large frying pan, breaking up the meat. Stir in the passata and simmer for 10 minutes. Add the season and add the oregano. Cook the pasta for two minutes, drain and cool under cold water. Pour the boiling water over the spinach in the colander to wilt. Then, squeeze out all the water. Mix the cheese sauce with the pasta. Mix the spinach, the meat sauce, the Parmesan, some nutmeg, the cheesy pasta, the seasoning, then wrap it and freeze. Defrost for about 8 hours. Bake for 40-45 minutes, until the dish is golden. Baked mushrooms with ricotta and pesto 2 tbsp green pesto 16 medium chestnut mushroom 5 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil 250g tub ricotta 2 garlic clove, finely chopped 1 rounded tbsp pesto 25g freshly grated Parmesan 2 tbsp chopped fresh parsley, preferably flat leaf, to serve Preparation Take the mushrooms in one layer and brush them with 1 tbsp of the oil. Then, put them in the dish, rounded cap side down. Mix the garlic, ricotta and pesto and spoon into the mushrooms. Sprinkle over the Parmesan. Preheat the oven to 200C/gas 6/ fan 180C. Bake for about 20 minutes. Blob a little pesto on the top of each mushroom and then, scatter with the parsley. Serve this dish hot. Quick sausage Bolognese 250g pack mushroom, sliced 1 tsp fennel seed 6 good-quality sausage, skins removed Shaved or grated Parmesan, to serve 300g penne 660g jar tomato pasta sauce 150 ml red wine Preparation Crumble the sausage and fennel seed and fry, without adding any oil. Stir well to break up the meat. Add the mushrooms and fry until they begin to soften. Stir it in the wine and then, add the tomato sauce. Heat through until bubbling. Boil the penne, drain it, and tip into the sauce. Finish your dish with a little Parmesan. Very simple Margherita pizza Small bunch basil, half chopped, half left whole 125 ml warm water Side salad, to serve 100g mozzarella, half chopped, half grated 85 ml passata Olive oil 2 tbsp grated Parmesan 7g packet easy-blend dried yeast 200g plain flour 1 tsp sugar Preparation Mix the yeast, the flour, 1/4 tsp salt and the sugar in the bowl. Stir in the water and knead until smooth. Heat oven to 240C/220C fan/gas 9. Oil a 20x24 cm baking try and press the mixture into it.   Spread the seasoned passata over the dough, sprinkle with the Parmesan, the mozzarella, and the chopped basil. Bake for 15-20 minutes. Serve with a side salad. .

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Summary - Essay Example In 1992, 14 tourism courses in universities were introduced among others in different parts. This article is intended to review the term† vocationalism†, it also brings out the typology to highlight degree content, the influence of this industry on the curriculum in various learning institutions. Vocationalism in the context of tourism studies refers to competence-based qualifications, and to have appropriate balance between practice and theory. Any vocationalism consideration in terms of tourism studies requires mentioning the National Vocational Qualification. That is why, National Council for Vocational Qualifications was established at five levels. Level four entails complex technical, specialist and professional work activities including those associated with design planning and problem solving techniques. The article that should emphasize on flexibility and flatter management hierarchies that has led to the recommendation of generic core of knowledge and skills, it also gives individuals the concept of connective specialization (Pender & Sharpley, 2004). Students are given opportunity to make choices and combine different kinds of teaching and learning methods in order to meet their target. It also outlines the significance of specialists having oversight of the relationship between their specialization and the whole curriculum. Tourism has grown inconsiderately across industrial sectors and academic disciplines. Therefore it is very problematic to identify the contents of the course at higher levels. The teachers have also not given the relevant definition of what they teach, and as a result many related courses have so far evolved due to initiatives of individuals. This may be the cause of problems with the identification of laws for tourism industry as well as its needs that must be respected and given much consideration. According to Hunter-Jones’ view, the discipline taught must be able to reflect the obligations of managers to con sumers, employee and the public at large. The course must at all times replicate the opportunities of organization to develop and run successfully. Therefore, a curriculum planning is very vital for educators to be able to operate their institutions with limited problems (Pender & Sharpley, 2004). There is a permanent problem of tourism versus hospitality studies that needs to be addressed. It is the issue of content of these related courses. According to the research carried out in Australia, many distinct learning towards hospitality and in one case it is hard to find any broader tourism content. It is clear that all institutions related to tourism or travel has tended to provide training for specific jobs that are vocationally motivated. These policies of universities have over the recent times become distorted, changing more and more toward career orientation. There is need for review of the type of tourism degree; this must consider the use issue of work experience- therefore t raining in practical skills should be seen as important by the industry. This should be reflected in the course structure, to offer guide to the business orientation of individual courses. A case study done by Swarbrooke in 1995, views tourism courses as vocational in nature and only focused on the supply side†¦ leisure courses are split between the more vocational leisure

This coursework for entrepreneurship module. I need to answer one of

This for entrepreneurship module. I need to answer one of the three following questions. I will write this questions in instructions area - Coursework Example sses has tremendously grown in popularity in the recent past, with a large section of entrepreneurs opting for this route in place of starting their premises from scratch. However, this process may not be the cheapest in numerous aspects, carrying with its fair share of risks as well. It is only through good planning, and business evaluation coupled with a due diligent research of this option that a bought business is capable of surviving the changes that come with the swapping of the ownership. This paper will evaluate the two advantages of buying an existing business as well provide the demerits that come with this process. By weighing between the two aspects, the paper will determine whether taking this route (instead of starting a business from scratch) is a viable entrepreneurial option or not. The paper will first look at the advantages before delving into the disadvantages. I will then provide my verdict on whether the process is a viable entrepreneurial option based on my findings. As earlier mentioned, starting a new business may be dreary and risky especially considering the statistics of failed start-ups available today. A buyer may thus benefit by buying an already established business which helps him/her to skip the first stage that carries the most risk. Buying a business means that the business has passed the test of time and that its model and operations are proven to succeed. Additionally, the buyer enjoys the assurance that comes with a near autonomy of the business operations with them having been honed by the owner during the start-up stage. The buyer of the existing business also does not have to hassle for employees and other vital resources in a business since these may be part of the inherited properties of the business. This saves the buyer important time, energy and finances through processes such as recruitments and hiring. The saved resources can then be invested elsewhere in the business for expansion purposes (Sutherland, 2008:

A Hardball Leadership Essay Example for Free

A Hardball Leadership Essay Politics is a battlefield for power. Throughout history, politics play an important role in shaping leaders and forming powerful states. Wars are even conducted to be able to get the advantage of politics. However nowadays, to get ahead into politics warfare is not necessary; it all depends on how an individual handles it. It is more than just the leadership skills, the charisma and the motivation to serve. It is the usage of the smartest strategies to get acquainted with the ‘who’ and to get the ‘what’. â€Å"The end justifies the means. Machiavelli famously imprinted these words in the world of politics. For Machiavelli, politics is more than just a career, it is an art that should be mastered and should be maintained. For Chris Matthews, politics is a game that should be learned by playing according to a set of rules. Both authors have goals in mind: to be on top of the power. Their works serve as guidelines on handling politics. Machiavelli and Matthews provide strategies on how to be an influential and effective political figure. These rules were patterned in the context of their current society. Though Machiavelli’s attack on The Prince is more aggressive than Matthews, this is mainly because of the political turmoil that has occurred during his time. Matthews on the other hand, wrote practical approaches that can be applied not just in government but as well as in business, job promotion or other aspects of life. This is to convey that politics is everywhere. Nonetheless, despite the differences between Matthews and Machiavelli, their works are cohesively direct to the path of power. To be the best player in the field of politics, one must maximize everything – including flaws and opponents – to his or her advantage. While Machiavelli focused more on state affairs, Matthews applied strategies not just to politics but to general ways of life. Like Machiavelli, Matthews related in his book on how to rise to power and maintaining it the moment it is achieved. The spread of influence and the utilization of wits will be able to bring someone to the top. Matthews enumerated his practical strategies that people within the Washington circle used. The ability to appear powerful is one of the tactics which Machiavelli has also cited. The embodiment of power is important to acquire power itself. From the famous saying of ‘what the mind conceive the body will achieve,’ people and competitors will believe a person portraying as a powerful individual. It creates a strong impression. To convince others that one has a power; it should reflect the outer attributes and incorporate the attitudes of a powerful entity. The Politician will have to utilize everything to be able to reach the top and at the top, his resources should be exhausted even more to maintain his or her stature. The Prince has the same aim. Machiavelli described most of his tactics with the likes of being a fox and to be a lion at the same time. On the other hand, Matthews associated it with a term of aggressive sports. In the field of sports, an athlete needs to play hard and it is necessary to lay out the strategies to be able to win the game. The aspects of deception and manipulation clearly reflect a Machiavellian theme situated in the White House. The politician works closely with the enemies rather than shunning them away. It gives the politician an opportunity to watch the actions of the enemy directly. Their capabilities can be used in favor of the politician’s gain. Both authors have stated the importance of alliances to strengthen influence and gain trust. Machiavelli stressed the importance of taking sides rather than going neutral. Win or lose, the Prince still has allies to aid him when crisis comes. Matthews mentioned having alliances to gain loyal supporters. He was able to portray in Washington, that people who actually do favors for the politician become great allies. The work of Chris Matthews is often compared with Machiavelli. Both of them preached the same aim of acquiring power, though their subjects are different. It can be viewed that Machiavelli’s The Prince is solely based on an individualistic approach since he focused on monarchies as a source of power. On the contrary, Matthews’ approach is more inter-personal. By the title of his book Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows The Game, it gives the impression of sports which is composed of individuals and teams. To be on top means to be the captain of the game. Hardball can be a useful reference for people who want to get ahead with life. As mentioned earlier, Matthews’ approach is not as aggressive as Machiavelli. This can be applied in other aspects of life because as what Matthews mentioned in his introduction, â€Å"there are enduring human truths in the rules that politicians play by† (Matthews 17). Matthews depicts politics as an exciting and thrilling environment where the most amusing personalities are passionately involved. Machiavelli, on the other hand, gave a cruel and ruthless picture. Since politics is compared with sports, the major player from Matthews’ book is a prominent figure in world politics. The United States is one of the most influential countries, economic-wise and political wise. As a state, the U. S. is good at keeping their alliances. The long years of friendship with other countries (i. e. Great Britain) contributed to numerous gains which helped the US to be a super power in the international community. Behind its status is the most powerful political figure in the United States. For the upcoming 2008 US Presidential election, it is notable to mention a candidate that created a name for him as the first colored American to be nominated for presidency. Barack Obama can be a perfect example of a major player in Matthews’ political field. Being raised in a multi-racial background, this became an asset for him to reach different minorities in the country. This particular asset of Obama became one of his forefronts of his campaign which focused on thriving for change. Modern United States is a diverse country made up of various racial origins and Obama thought that his colored skin can be an advantage. Obama revealed in his memoir Dreams from my Father about his previous lifestyle of smoking and drinking. Relating this particular detail of his life, it can be seen as a target for his opponent to dwell on. However, this can also be viewed as a method derived from Matthews’ book. Before the other party can even use it against him, he does the broadcasting himself. Admitting one’s flaw can lessen the negative impact of it, and the rivals will have to search for a new attack to use against the politician. Citing this example, it is seen how Chris Matthews’ strategies are put to use. This kind of political play inside the White House reflects how the United States moves in the arena of world politics. Taking that into account, Chris Matthews gives the readers a clear picture of the inner workings of America’s political center. Washington is portrayed as the battlefield, wherein politics is the game, and the athletes are the politicians who play hardball.

The Career of Respiratory Therapist Essay -- essays research papers

Respiratory Therapist Respiratory care makes a difference. And there are reasons why a Respiratory Therapist would be a great job. A guest speaker came into our class to explain more about the job. He explained education requirements, the job description, and the job opportunities. Education requirements, is what a student needs to reach the goal of becoming a respiratory therapist. There are a total of 379 respiratory technician colleges/universities in the U.S. Such as, IUP, CCAC, and many more. For a Respiratory Therapist the most you need is a Bachelor?s Degree, which takes 4 years. For this major you, there is Technical School(1+year), Associate Degree(2 years), and Bachelor?s Degree(4 years). Then the degree you end up with is a Bachelor?s Degree. Then there?s further detail about the job itself. There are many responsibilities in being a Respiratory Therapist. Which include, performing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Diagnostic procedures are the arterial blood gas analysis, pulmonary function studies, sleep studies, and more. Therapeutic procedures a...

Course Outline Faculty of Science and Technology Essay

Course Number Course Title: Course Instructor: Credits: Section: Semester: Class Meeting Times: Class Venue: Pre-requisites: CMPS1024 (formerly CMPS150) – Computer Business Application MGMT1014 (formerly MGMT101) – Fundamentals of Management None 2012-2 3 CMPS3012 (formerly CMPS360) Management Information Systems Co-requisites Office Location Office Hours: (Consultation Hours) Telephone: E-Mail Address: Resources Required Text: Other Resources: By appointment Laudon, K.C., Laudon,J.P.: Management Information Systems – Managing the Digital Firm, 11th edition, . Prentice Hall MIS course website: http://odl.ub.edu.bz/moodle3/course/view.php?id=106 COURSE DESCRIPTION COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to provide techniques and knowledge for creating competitive business, managing global or local corporations, adding business value and providing useful product and services to intended customers. Topics include: Enterprise Applications. Systems for Supply Chain Management. Customer Relationship Management. Knowledge Management Systems. Digital Integration. Internet Technology. Database – Design and Implement in an existing Database Management System. COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: 1.1.1 Knowledge a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. Describe the role of information systems in today’s competitive business environment Explain information systems from both technical and business perspective Examine the transforming effect of information systems on organizations and management Explain the impact of internet technology and the World Wide Web on the Digi tal firm Describe the roles of individuals in the business process Describe the types of business structures and how they function and serve clientele. Explain the importance of effective mangers and the roles they play in the business success and the development of innovative services and products Identify the impact, usefulness and benefit afforded businesses through electronic commerce Examine privacy issues and the ways in which to secure a business and its stakeholders from privacy violations. Identify threats of intrusion and other forms of system violation that exists through external sources such as viruses. Describe salient differences between management and information technology specialists and how these differences are mitigated. Explain the various levels of management and the unique systems and structures that are critical to these levels Explain the Rationale for developing and maintaining systems which are reliable, scalable, portable and secure.

African American vs. Caucasian Americans Essay

At first glance some people might consider this paper to be on the racial side, however it was all written by observations made. There are many differences between African Americans and Caucasians, some people don’t see the differences because of ignorance . You must read the paper with an open mind and take none of this to heart. African American and Caucasians function differently in public surroundings. When you see a young African American you usually see them in groups of four of more. However, when one of them gets into a disagreement five to ten more show up in their defense. They are a very close knit group of individuals. I have also noticed that when you see a young African American walking around they are usually singing, talking very loud or running around. Also when they are in groups they are very loud and take over the area that they occupy. On the other hand when you see Caucasians they are rarely in groups of three or more. To top it off when someone in one of their groups gets in trouble the rest of the group is nowhere to be found. Most times when you see young Caucasian people in a group they are for the most part within a normal speaking level. These two groups tend to act differently in the public due to their cultural differences. There are a number of differences between the churches of African Americans and Caucasians. At most typical African American churches there are no true sermons. The African American churches tend to do more entertaining rather than teaching. They also do a great deal of singing and dancing involved in there praising of God. They emphasize fellowship in their churches especially after church when they all gather and close the celebration with a meal together. However at a typical Caucasian church there are a few differences. To start it off when you first walk in you get a program detailing what will be happening through the service. They tend to structure the whole service around a sermon or story. The service every week is very predictable as to what will happen. The Caucasian churches are more there to teach the ways of the lord as they have interpreted it. Although not all the African American and Caucasian churches are along this line a majority of the main stream ones are.

Macbeths Fall from Greatness Essays

Macbeths Fall from Greatness Essays Macbeths Fall from Greatness Paper Macbeths Fall from Greatness Paper Although Macbeth is ultimately responsible for his fall from greatness, the witches’ prophecies and Lady Macbeth’s manipulation assist in his downfall in Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth. The ultimate downfall of Macbeth would not take place without the initial prophecies of the witches. His demise is outlined in the suggestive words of the witches when they first meet. They entertain the prophecy that Macbeth â€Å"shalt be king hereafter! † (I,iii,54). The success of the first two prophecies of becoming the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor raises ambition for the last to be fulfilled. In foretelling that Macbeth will take over as the king of Scotland, the witches lead him to assume murder as the only way to fulfill the prophecy. Macbeth begins to convince himself that if chance will have [him] king, why chance may crown [him] without [his] stir. (I,iii,154-156). Reluctant as Macbeth appears to be he later reveals that he â€Å"dares do all that may become a man. † (I,vii,51), even if it means murdering the King. Determined to fulfill what the witches told him, Macbeth is willing to sacrifice his loyalty in exchange for power, unaware of the outcomes of his actions. Lady Macbeth, along with her overbearing nature and manipulation, leads Macbeth closer and closer to his demise. Her selfish desire to attain power through her husband manifests itself by means of constant persuasion and belittlement. From the moment she receives news of the prophecy the witches informed Macbeth of, she is quick to calculate a plan. Already, she reveals her manipulative character saying, â€Å"I may pour my spirits in thine ear. † (I,v,26). Lady Macbeth makes it clear that her possession of power will ultimately pave the road for her husband’s fall. She obliges Macbeth to murder King Duncan, telling him to â€Å"look like th’ innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t. † (I,vi,76-77). Lady Macbeth makes her husband seem less of a man due to his initial reluctance to undergo her plans. She belittles him in saying, â€Å"when you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more than a man† (I,vii,56-58), driving guilt within Macbeth. Lady Macbeth can be held accountable essentially leading her very own husband down the road of his fall from greatness.

An Electromagnetic Analysis of Noise-Based Intrinsically Secure Communication in Wireless Systems

An Electromagnetic Analysis of Noise-Based Intrinsically Secure Communication in Wireless Systems The research on noise-based secure communication systems is mainly carried out from an information theoretical point of view, and is focused on evaluation in different communication conditions of the secrecy capacity, which is defined as the maximum achievable perfect secrecy rate, where the perfect secret rate is the amount of information that can be sent not only reliably but also confidentially. He noted that the channel capacity of the authorized channel is higher than the channel capacity of the eavesdropper, and one coding strategy is able to transmit information to the authorized receiver with a vanishing block-code error probability in a completely secure way, at a rate limited by the difference between the authorized and eavesdropper channel capacity. This causes a decrease in the channel capacity of the unauthorized receiver compared to the authorized receiver, which can transmit information buried in the additional noise affecting the eavesdropper. In this paper, it will be shown that, in the noise-based unconditionally secure communication systems, the degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field are used in a third way. Paralleling the analysis undertaken in, it takes advantage of the concept of the number of degrees of freedom (NDF) of the electromagnetic field, defined as the minimum number of functions required to represent the field on an observation manifold within a given representation error, fixed by the noise corrupting the observed field. Successively, in a seminal paper, Wyner suggested that the presence of additional noise when information is tapped from a line makes the unauthorized channel noisier than the authorized channel. Broadly speaking, any antenna uses the available degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field mainly following two possible goals: to concentrate (and possibly maximize) energy on the receiving antenna or to maximize the amount of information available on the receiving antenna. In this framework, an approach to obtain unconditionally secure communication based on the use of the degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field is discussed. Signal and noise are transmitted at the same time using a strategy that avoids any increase in noise at the authorized receiver taking advantage of the degrees of freedom that are not used to transmit information. The physical mechanism at the basis of the secret communication is explained by means of the degrees of freedom of the field, which are able to convey information and noise in spatially orthogonal channels. As a final observation, in order to make the channel secure, a non-negligible percentage of the available power is radiated as artificial noise. According to some fundamental results of information theory, it is possible to hide information in the additional noise affecting the eavesdropper. Loosely speaking, the allocation of power to noise causes a decrease in the channel capacity of the system that follows logarithmic law.

Graduate Reflection Paper 4(a) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Graduate Reflection Paper 4(a) - Essay Example There are many factors that create a leader with strong communication skills. Covey (1989) states that being a good listener brings many benefits for the leader. It helps the leader build relationships and it is a very important part of appraisal and training. Covey also suggests that communication has four components: speaking, writing, reading and listening. Caputo et al. (2003) suggests that leaders must create a system of effective communication with their employees and leadership must have effective communication in order to have complete leadership. Covey (1990) created seven principles regarding communication: "Be proactive, begin with the end in mind, put first things first, think win/win, seek first to understand and then to be understood, synergize and sharpen the saw" (p. 41). Covey talks about these habits as human endowments that enhance a leaders communication skills by placing them in a frame of mind that creates their ability to move their employees forward (Covey, 1990). This means that they also need to have a voice in communication. Leaders must be active listeners, create a space for employees to speak their minds respectfully and help their employees to recognize their own voice (Covey, 2004). Each leader must be influential which means they also need to understand how to persuade their employees. This does not the must coerce their employees but rather understand how to move them towards what is expected or needed. Carnegie (1964) suggests that the one way to get someone to do something is to make them want to do it. A strong leaders does this by helping their employees improve, not by criticizing them. Also, leaders must show employees that they are appreciated. These ideas will help employees stay motivated to communicate well with their manager. This also means that the manager must seek to find a

Internet is good for study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internet is good for study - Essay Example It has always been acknowledged that members of the current generation, especially adolescents and young adults use the Internet for diverse purposes other than fact finding or information gathering. The popularity of social networking sites have significantly increased Internet usage through sharing of experiences, photos, events, and recent updates on the lives of friends, relatives, and acquaintances. From the study conducted by the Lebo, the Internet was found to be used for the following general purposes: fact finding activities, visiting social networking sites, playing games, watching videos, paying bills, and even purchasing products online (Lebo). Fact finding activities could already be classified as a general category for studying. In this regard, the current discourse contends that the Internet is actually a good medium for enhancing academic performance or in studying for the reasons that information are easily accessible; more people from all walks of life have immediat e access to this technological medium; and studying through the Internet could be undertaken across time and geographic locations. The Internet has been found to be used as a source of information (Lebo). As emphasized, â€Å"they can bring a whole world of information to the students† (Hughes and Fan 1). Across different academic levels, the Internet provides access to varied information which could even been translated in diverse languages, depending on the nationalities of the users. From the comprehensive study that disclosed activities in the Internet, it was revealed that â€Å"large percentages of Internet users go online at least weekly for basic information: 61 percent go online for fact-finding, and 43 percent for looking up the definition of a word† (Lebo 27). Rather than relying on the traditional dictionaries to looks into the meaning of words; or books to search on different topics as subject of the users’ research, the

Ethics Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethics Philosophy - Essay Example Second, Mill considers the possible grounds of justification for this mindset: the higher party's position, he says, could be attributed to pride, love of freedom, love of autonomy, or to the love of power or excitement. But, he returns, justification of holding onto one's position, refusing to trade places regardless of the degree of happiness of the pig/fool that surpasses his/hers, rests in human dignity. This, Mill reasons, is so imperative to intelligent, superior beings, that they would for no reason outside it compromise it. Further, Mills admonishes anyone contesting his approach as one who is confusing the definitions/conditions of happiness and contentment. He concedes that 1) a higher being has higher (and/or greater) needs-he/she needs more to make him/her happy; and 2) a lower being with a lesser range of (and thereby need for) the capacity for happiness will have a better chance of complete happiness, whereas one with greater needs is at risk for having a smaller percentage of his/her needs fulfilled. If a person has only one bucket to fill as opposed to twenty, for example, the person with only one bucket will have a better likelihood of walking away from the fountain of happiness and saying, "I have successfully filled all of my buckets." But after conceding, Mill returns to the higher party's ability to tolerate more, and therefore to bear greater burdens. Such is the opinion of the higher, intelligent being-with the capacity to tolerate, appreciate, and understand that to be a superior being who is momentarily unhappy is far better than to be an inferior being with constant happiness. And, he claims, if the other party does not agree, it is only because he/she is incapable of understanding Mill's position and is therefore basing his/her [inferior] contention on a lack of information. That is, the lower being cannot fully comprehend the options of both sides, does not have the capacity or range to choose, even, and does not, therefore, understand what it is to have the dilemma of choosing in the first place: if you are not smart enough to understand the difference in stations (the higher and the lower's stations in life), then you have not the ability to choose between the two-and do have, as Mills does, the grounds upon which to base your opinion. 2. For Nietzsche, anything which intrudes upon or impedes one's will to power is suspect. In this case, two select characteristics threaten this will to power-weakness and humility. Nietzsche grants the possibility that within a collective, it might be good and possible to not hurt others and protect oneself from being hurt, if everyone in the group "mutually" "refrains from injury, from violence, from exploitation." (Solomon, 392) But, Nietzsche notes, the moment the practice is made a principle, a law, the effort becomes one of a kind of anarchy, of "dissolution and decay"-what he calls a "Will to Denial." (392) This is for him in direct

The Seven Layer Osi Model

The Seven Layer Osi Model Seven-layer OSI model is a logical layer and developed by the ISO international standardization organization. The purpose of this layer is to understand the transmission of data flows from source to destination and to identify problems during data transmission. The seven layers include Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link and Physical layer. The sequence of layer names to be remembered by this phrase All people seem to need data processing. The following is a general description of each layer. OSI reference model is now being considered as the main model for the internetworking and inter computing. The seven layers divide the task of data transmission in sub tasks and then complete the data transmission cycle. QUESTION 1 In the 1980s, the European-dominated International Standards Organization (ISO) began to develop its Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking suite. OSI has two major components: an abstract model of networking (the Basic Reference Model, or seven-layer model), and a set of concrete protocols. Briefly explain each of the seven OSI layer included their function and usage in data communication and networking. OSI Reference Model OSI reference model (Open Systems Interconnection) illustrates how information from a software application on a computer moves through a network medium to a software application on another computer. OSI reference model is conceptually divided into 7 layers where each layer has a specific network function, as described by figure 1.1 (with no physical media). This model was created based on a proposal made by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as a first step toward international standardization of protocols used at various layers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½This model is called ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model because this model is intended for sharing open systemà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[1] Open Systems can be interpreted as an open system to communicate with other systems. For his brief, we will call this model as the OSI model only. Figure 1.1. OSI Reference Model OSI model has seven layers. The principles used for the seven layers are: 1. A layer must be made when needed different levels of abstraction. 2. Each layer shall have certain functions. 3. The function of each layer should be chosen carefully in accordance with the provisions of international protocol standards. 4. Layer boundaries labored to minimize the flow of information through the interface. 5. The number of layers must be quite a lot, so that different functions do not need to be united in a single layer outside needs. However, the number of layers must also be cultivated as little as possible so that the network architecture does not become difficult to use. Below discuss about each layer of the OSI model sequentially, starting from the bottom layer. It should be noted that the OSI model itself is not network architecture, because this model does not explain the exact services and protocols to be used on any layer. OSI model only explains about what should be done by a layer. However, ISO has also established standards for all layers, although these standards do not constitute a reference model itself. Each layer has been declared as a separate international standard. Characteristics of the OSI Layers To seven layers of OSI reference model can be divided into two categories, namely upper and lower layers. The top layer of the OSI model deals with application issues and generally implemented only in software. The highest layer (application layer) is the cover prior to the user (users), both users and application layer processes interact with software applications that contain a communication component. The term upper layer is sometimes used to refer to some of the top layer of another coating layer in the OSI model. The bottom layer of the OSI model to control data transport issues. Physical layer and data link layer implemented in hardware and software. The layers below the others are generally only implemented in software. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The lowest layer, the physical layer is a layer of cover for the physical network medium (cable networks), and as responsible for the placement of information on the network mediaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[2] The following table shows the separation of the two l ayers in the layers of the OSI model. Application Application Overlay Presentation Session Transport Data Transport Undercoat Network Data Link Physical Table 1.2 Separation of top layer and bottom layer of the OSI model Protocol OSI model provides a conceptual framework for communication between computers, but this model is not a method of communication. In fact communication can occur due to use of communication protocols. In the context of data networks, a protocol is a formal rules and agreements that determine how computers exchange information over a network medium. A protocol implements one or more of the layers of the OSI. A wide variation of the communication protocol, but all maintains the flow in one group: the LAN protocols, WAN protocols, network protocols, and routing protocols. LAN protocols operate at the physical and data link layer of the OSI model and define communication over various LAN media. WAN protocols operate at the third lowest layer of the OSI model and define communication over various WAN. Routing protocol is a network layer protocol that is responsible for determining the road and traffic arrangements. Finally, the network protocol is different from the upper layer protocols th at exist in a series of protocols. Layers of the OSI Model Physical Layer Physical Layer functions in the delivery of raw bits into the channel of communication. Design issues that must be considered here is to ensure that when one side sends data 1 bit, the data must be accepted by the other side as a bit too, and not 0 bit. The question that arises in this case is: how many volts should be used to declare a value of 1? And how many volts is also required for the number 0?. It takes a bit how microsecond will be exhausted? Is the transmission can be processed simultaneously in both directions? How many pins are owned by the network and what is the use of each pin? In general, design problems are found here related to the mechanical, electrical and procedural interfaces, and physical media which is under the physical layer. Data Link Layer The main task of the data link layer is as raw data transmission facility and transforms the data to a channel that is free from transmission errors. Before forwarded who work layer, data link layer perform this task by allowing the sender meme cage breaking input data into a number of data frames (usually numbering in the hundreds or thousands of bytes). Then the data link layer transmits these frames in sequence, and process the acknowledgment frames sent back by the recipient. Because the physical layer send and receive bit stream without regard to the meaning or architectural frame, then depending on the data link layer was to create and recognize frame boundaries it. This can be done by affixing a special bit to the beginning and end of the frame. If incidental bit patterns can be found in the data, it is necessary to pay special attention to ensure that the pattern is not incorrectly considered as the boundaries of the frame. The occurrence of noise in the channel can damage the frame. In this case, the data link layer software on the source machine to send back the broken frame. However, transmission of the same frame over and over again can cause duplication of frames. Duplicate frames need to be sent if an acknowledgment frame from the receiver who returned to the sender has been lost. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Depending on the layer is to overcome the problems that caused the destruction, loss and duplication of frames. The data link layer provides some service classes for the network layer. This service class can be distinguished in terms of quality and priceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[4] Other problems that arise in the data link layer (and also most of the layers above it) are seeking the smooth process of data transmission from the sender to the recipient a slow speed. Mechanism of regulation of traffic data should allow the sender to know the amount of buffer space owned by the recipient at a certain moment. Often setting flow and error handling is done in an integrated manner. Channel that can send data in both directions also can be problematic. So therefore need to be considered for the data link layer software. Problems that can arise here is that the frames acknowledgement flowing from A to B compete with each other ahead of the flow from B to A. Settlement of the best (piggy backing) could have been used, then we shall discuss it in depth. Broadcast networks have an additional problem in the data link layer. The problem is in terms of controlling access to a shared channel. To fix this you can use a special sub layer of data link layer, called the medium acc ess sub layer. Network Layer Network layer serves to control operation of the subnet. Important design problem is how to determine the route packets from source to destination. Route can be based on static tables are linked to network. Route can also be determined at the beginning of a conversation such as a terminal session. Finally, the route can also be very dynamic; it can be different for each package. Therefore, the delivery route of a packet depends on network load at that time. If at the same time in a subnet there are too many packets, then there is the possibility of the packages arrive at the same time. This can lead to bottlenecks. Congestion control as it is also the task of the network layer. Because the sub net operators expect the good fortune of his job duties. There is often some accounting function built at the network layer. To make billing information, at least the software should calculate the number of packets or characters or bits that are sent by each customer. Accounting becomes more co mplicated, when a packet crosses a country that has a different rate. The move packets from one network to another can also cause problems that are not small. Addressing mode used by a network can be different from the methods used by other network. A network may be unable to receive the package at all because the packet size is too big. Protocol was be different, as well as others. Network layer has been given the task to solve all these problems, allowing different networks interconnected to each other. Transport Layer The basic function is the transport layer receives data from the session layer, split the data into pieces smaller if necessary, forwards the data to the network layer, and ensure that all pieces of data can arrive at the other side correctly. Moreover, all this must be done efficiently, and aims to protect the upper layers of the changes in hardware technology that can not be avoided. Under normal circumstances, the transport layer makes the network connection is different for each transport connection which is required by the session layer. When the transport connection requires a high throughput, then the transport layer can make a lot of network connections. Transport layer divide sending data to a number of networks to increase throughput. On the other hand, if the manufacture or maintenance of the network connection is quite expensive, transport layer can combine multiple transport connections to the same network connection. This is done to make this merger is not seen by the s ession layer. Transport layer also determines the type of service for the session layer, and in turn the type of service for users of the network. Type of the most popular transport layer is a channel error-free point to point that forward messages or bytes in accordance with the order delivery. However, there are also other types of transport services. The services are transport isolated messages that do not guarantee order of delivery, and broadcast messages to a number of purposes. Type of service determined when the connection starts. Transport layer is a layer end to end in fact, from source to destination. In other words, a program on the source machine to bring the conversation with the same program on the target machine. In the lower layers, there are protocols between the two machines and other machines that are close by. Protocol is not located in the outer or the source machines outer purpose machine, which may be separated by a router. The differences between layers 1 to 3 are intertwined and layer 4 to 7 are end to end. This can be explained as shown in Figure 1-1. In addition to merging multiple streams of messages into a single channel, transport layer must be careful in defining and deciding on the network connection. This process requires a naming mechanism, so that a process on a machine has a way to explain with whom the machine wants to talk. Also there should be a mechanism to regulate the flow of information, so that the flow of information from a fast host does not overwhelm a slow host. Such mechanism is called flow control and plays an important role in the transport layer (also in other layers). Flow control between hosts with different hosts by controlling the flow of the router with the router. Well find out later that the same principles used for both types of the control. Session Layer Session layer allows users to establish sessions with other users. A session in addition allows ordinary data transport, as did the transport layer, also provides special services for specific applications. A session is used to allow one user logs into a remote timesharing system or to move files from one machine to another to machine. A session layer service is to implement the dialogue control. Sessions can allow traffic to move in two directions at one time or only in one direction only. If at one time in traffic only in one direction only analogous to a single railway line, the session layer helps to determine who is entitled to use the channels turn at an instant. Service sessions are described as token management. For some protocols, it is important to ensure that both parties concerned do not perform surgery at the same time. To regulate this activity, the session layer provides tokens that can turn. Only a party that holds the token is allowed performs critical operations. Another session is a synchronization service. Take for example that can occur when trying to transfer files that lasted 2 hours from one machine to another machine with the possibility of having an interval of 1 hour between the two crashes that can occur. After each transfer is canceled, the transfer may need to be repeated again from scratch, and may experience another failure. To reduce the possibility of this problem, the session layer can insert a specific sign to the flow of data. Therefore, if a crash, only the data that is after the sign is to be transferred back. Presentation Layer Presentation layer performs certain functions that are required to ensure the discovery of a common solution for certain problems. Presentation Layer does not allow users to solve their own problems. Unlike the layers underneath are only moving the bits from one place to another place, presentation layer attention to syntax and semantics of information transmitted. One example is the encoding of data presentation service. Most users do not move a random string of binary bits. The users exchange data just as the name, date, amount of money, and bills. The items are expressed in the form of a string of characters, integer numbers, floating point numbers, a data structure formed from some simpler items. There is a difference between one computer to another computer in a given code to declare a string of characters (for example, ASCII and Unicode), integer (for example, complement and complement one two), and so forth. To allow the two computers that have different presentation to commun icate, data structures to be exchanged can be expressed by means of abstract, in accordance with standard encoding to be used on line. Presentation layer-data set and convert this abstract structure of representation that is used on a computer into a network standard representation, and vice versa. Application Layer Application layer consists of a variety of protocols. For example there are hundreds of incompatible terminal types in the entire world. Take the situation where full-screen editor is expected to work on a network with a variety of terminals, which each have different screen layouts, have a way different sequence of keystrokes for the insertion and deletion of text, move the sensor and so forth. One way to overcome such problems in data is to define an abstract network virtual terminal, so editors and other programs can be written for each corresponding. To handle each terminal type, one part of the software must be written to map the network virtual terminal functions to the actual terminal. For example, when moving the cursor editor virtual terminal into the left corner of the screen, the software should issue the appropriate command sequence to achieve the cursor. All virtual terminal software is in the application layer. Another application layer function is file transfer. File systems from one another have different naming conventions, how to express the lines of text are different, and so forth. Transfer files from a system different to other systems that require treatment to overcome the lack of this compatible. The task is also a job application layer, such as electronic mail, remote job entry, directory lookup, and various general purpose facilities and other special purpose facilities. CONCLUSION The process of sending a data to be sent to the recipient. Sender processes submitting data to the application layer, which then add the user application header, the AH (which may also be empty), the front end and submit the results to the presentation layer. Presentation layer can form these data in various ways and may just add a header at the front end, which is given by the session layer. It is important to remember that the presentation layer is not aware of the data which are marked AH by application layer is the data users really are. The process of granting this header repeated until the data reaches the physical layer, where data will be transmitted to other machines. On these machines, all headers were be removed one by one until reaching the admissions process. Figure1 .3 Examples of how the OSI model used The key here is that although the actual data transmission is each layer is programmed as though the transmission in question took place horizontally. For example, when transport layer delivery get a message from the session layer, transport layer will then affix the transport layer header and sends it to the receiver transport layer. INTRODUCTION Computer networks are a tool, known also as nodes, relating to media liaison. Node may consist of a computer, printer or other device to send and receive data generated by other nodes, nodes in the network. Media Liaison, also known as communication media. On this day, there are various types of networks, including local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). The largest network in the world is the Internet. Edit Development. Network started with a small building, the connection about ten computers and a printer. The technology that exists at the time the computer is connected to limit the number and length of communications cable that can be allowed on the network. In the early nineties the communication cable can be pulled so far about 600 feet to the extension of approximately 30 computers only. This network is suitable for a small organization known as local area network (LAN). LANs typically connect devices in a building or a building. A LAN can be built only with two computers and a printer or can be extended only in one building to include audio and video software. LAN size is limited to a distance of several kilometers only. LAN with data rates from 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps. Network connections from different countries has established the development of LAN to the wide area network (WAN). WAN can be sending data, audio and video at distances up to cover a country or continent or around the world. QUESTION 2 Briefly explain at least four (4) topologies of networks and suggest how we implement these topologies in networking. MAIN BODY Network can be of any of the following three types: Local Area Network: Figure: 2.1 Local Area Network Local Area Network (LAN) is a limited range of geographical barriers such as a laboratory, a school or building. In a typical LAN configuration, one of the computers used as file server file server that functions to keep all the software that controls the network. All computers are connected to the server file known as a workstation. Computer workstation comprising a desktop computer specifications less than the server and also may have software on the disk severity. Cable used to connect the LAN via network card installed on each computer. Metropolitan Area Network: Figure : 2.2 Metropolitan Area Network Town Area Network (MAN) covers a wider geographical area as a region or city. Widespread area network connecting a number of Local Area Network in a place to enable sharing of information carried. Universities and government agencies Wide spread Area Network to communicate with the other communities and private industries. One example is the MAN MIND Network, located in Pasco County, Florida which enables communication between the Central Pasco Media Center Main Frame using a telephone line, coaxial cable, and wireless communication providers. Wide Area Network: Figure : 2.3 Wide Area Network Widespread Area Network (WAN) covers a wider area as a state, nation and world. To create a WAN requires systems across the sea or the use of microwave or satellite. Use WAN enables communication between the states can be implemented quickly. Configuring the WAN is complex and requires a hardware multiplexing multiplexer for LAN and MAN links for access to a comprehensive communications network such as the Internet. Network Topology: Figure : 3.1 Network Topology à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A computer network system using communication line that connects computers to each otherà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[5] There are various methods that can be used for the communication and is known as topology. Topology can be considered as a virtual shape or structure of a network. This shape actually does not correspond to the actual physical design of the devices on the computer network. The computers on the home network can be arranged in a circle shape but it does not necessarily mean that it presents a ring topology. There are few types of topologies for computer networks, namely: Star Network Topology Figure :3.1.1 Star Network Topology Star topology is a network where all computers or other devices connected to the central distribution system, known as the Hub or Switch. Hub or Switch is responsible for managing the computer network. All messages or data that is sent to a central control hub for avoid collisions from occurring. There are two operations that used by the hub or switch that is operating broadcast and the operations of the transition switching. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Distribution operations, hub or switch will make the delivery of data received from one station to all the routes connecting them. In transition operations, the hub or switch will save the data received and sends the data through a receiving stationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[3] Each node can be connected to the network and can be removed at any time without affecting the whole system of directly by. Furthermore, if one node does not work, it will not affect other computer networks. Any damage to the connection between the hub nodes will not affect the system as a whole, but if the damage occurred on the hub, the entire system will also be affected. The main weakness of this topology is that it requires a fairly high cost in view of all systems connected to it computers, scanners, printers, etc. requires its own cable. Ring Network Topology Figure :3.1.2 Ring Network Topology In local area networks where the ring topology is used, each computer is connected to the network in a closed loop or ring. The Messages or data to be transferred in order according to the same path in the same ring. Network technology was first used by IBM systems with Type I in the category of cable shielded Twisted Pair STP. Each data node will be checked by delivery location. If not the same node strike, it will be submitted to the next node and this will continue until the delivery address the same node strike. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½As the data is transferred by the same route as the sequence of the potential for violations of data that appears to be similar to the network and can be removed at any time without affecting the whole system of directly byà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[6] However, one problem that arises is if a node fails, the entire network will probably also be affected. Arrangement of nodes in this topology is almost the same physically as star topology; only a logical was a ring. The attachment is required in this topology is called Multi Station Access Unit (MSAU). MSAU is installed in a ring-shaped network where it is more than one unit. If only one unit only used the physical topology is similar to the star connection. Bus Network Topology Figure :3.1.3 Bus Network Topology Bus topology, are also known as the Ethernet using a line length where each node in relation to him. Data will be sent by each node in the hope that it does not collide with data transmitted from other nodes. If it happens, the node will try again until successful. Weakness of the bus topology is in terms of maintenance. It is quite difficult to maintain in view of the connection is in the form of a series. In the event of damage to any line at any node, it will cause the entire system will not work. In addition to accurately locate points or nodes those are damaged. Each node can be connected to the network and can be removed at any time without affecting the whole system directly. Furthermore, if one node does not work nor does it affect other computer networks. The other advantage is there in this topology is that it uses a single cable and requires no additional hardware to build the network. But it does not require a very high cost for maintenance purposes. Tree Network Topology Figure :3.1.4 Tree Network Topology The tree topology is essentially a hybrid of the bus and star layouts. It is also known as a hierarchical topology and has a central root node that is connected to one or more nodes of a lower hierarchy. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½In a symmetrical hierarchy, each node in the network has a specific fixed number of nodes connected to those at a lower levelà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[3] Apart from these basic types of network topologies, there are hybrid network topologies, which are composed of a combination of two or more basic topologies. These network mappings aim at harnessing the advantages of each of the basic topologies used in them. Network topologies are the physical arrangements of network nodes and wires. What is interesting is that the inanimate nodes and wires turn live for the transmission of information. Mesh Network Topology Figure :3.1.5 Mesh Network Topology In a full mesh network, each network node is connected to every other node in the network. Due to this arrangement of nodes, it becomes possible for a simultaneous transmission of signals from one node to several other nodes. In a partially connected mesh network, only some of the network nodes are connected to more than one node. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½This is beneficial over a fully connected mesh in terms of redundancy caused by the point-to-point links between all the nodesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.[5] The nodes of a mesh network require possessing some kind of routing logic so that the signals and the data traveling over the network take the shortest path during each of the transmissions. CONCLUSION Topologies are essence of computer networks design. Efficient networks can only be built based on the complete knowledge and understanding of above mentioned topologies. Knowledge of every communication device is of equal importance to help you find the best option for your network requirements. Optimum networks can be built with complete knowledge and understanding of computer network devices and how they are designed, any mistake in choosing inappropriate techniques, device etc can only be the waste of time, resources and efforts. APPENDIX Figure 1.1. OSI Reference Model Application Application Overlay Presentation Session Transport Data Transport Undercoat Network Data Link Physical Table 1.2 Separation of top layer and bottom layer of the OSI model Figure1 .3 Examples of how the OSI model used Figure: 2.1 Local Area Network Figure : 2.2 Metropolitan Area Network Figure : 2.3 Wide Area Network Figure : 3.1 Network Topology Figure :3.1.1 Star Network Topology Figure :3.1.2 Ring Network Topology Figure :3.1.3 Bus Network Topology Figure :3.1.4 Tree Network Topology